Immunization♥

What is immunization?

When you get sick, your body generates antibodies to fight the disease and help you get better. These antibodies stay in your body even after the disease has gone, and protect you from getting the same illness again. This is called immunity. You don't have to get sick to develop immunity; you can be given a vaccine.

Immunity through immunization

Immunization (or vaccination) protects people from disease by introducing a vaccine into the body that triggers an antibody response as if you had been exposed to a disease naturally. The vaccine contains the same antigens or parts of antigens that cause the disease, but the antigens in vaccines are either killed or greatly weakened. Vaccines work because they trick your body so that it thinks it is being attacked by a disease. Immunity through immunization happens without the consequence of being ill and without the risk of potential life threatening complications from the disease. Memory cells prevent re-infection when they encounter that disease again in the future. However, not all vaccines provide lifelong immunity. Deseases such as tetanus require booster doses every ten years for adults to maintain immunity.  

Not just for children

At any age, vaccination provides the longest lasting most effective protection against disease. But childhood immunization does not provide lifelong immunity against some diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw) and diphtheria.

Adults require helper, or booster, shots to maintain immunity. As well, adults who were not adequately immunized as children may be at risk of infection from other vaccine-preventable diseases. They can also infect others. For example, adults who contract measles, mumps or pertussis (whooping cough) can infect infants who may not yet be fully immunized.

Since the introduction of vaccines, many serious illnesses have been brought under control. Immunization can protect you from:

·         Blood infection

·         Diphtheria

·         Ear infection

·         Haemophilus influenzae type b

·         Hepatitis A

·         Hepatitis B

·         Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

·         Influenza

Speaking Task with mrs.Putu

Auxiliary Verbs♥

Auxiliary verbs adalah kata kerja bantu yang secara gramatikal berfungsi membentuk atau memberi tambahan arti pada kalimat. Umumnya auxiliary verbs digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja utama (main verbs) dan membantunya membentuk struktur gramatikal sebuah kalimat.

Ada tiga auxiliary verbs: to be, to do, dan to have. Be, do, dan have tidak mempunyai makna jika berdiri sendiri sebagai auxiliary verbs, meskipun begitu dalam bahasa Indonesia umumnya diartikan sebagai “sedang”, “telah”, “apakah”, atau “sungguh-sungguh”.

To Be

Auxiliary verbs yang biasa digunakan adalah be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been.Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to be biasa digunakan bersama past participle untuk membuat kalimatpassive dan bersama present participle untuk membuat kalimat continuous.

Contoh:

- He is watching TV.

- We are teaching you about helping verbs.

- Small fish are eaten by big fish.

- He was killed in the war.

- The agencies were completing the inventories.

- I will be seeing him soon.

- He had only been trying to help.

- The house is being painted.

To Do

Auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah do, does, did. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to do biasa digunakan bersama-sama kata kerja utama (main verbs) membentuk kalimat pertanyaan atau kalimat negatif. Dan juga dipakai untuk memberikan tekanan atau menghindari pengulangan kata kerja utama. Auxiliary verbs ini dikenal juga dengan istilah dummy operator atau dummy auxiliary.

Contoh:

- Do you like bananas?

- I don't feel like going out tonight.

- Where do you live?

- Don't forget to write.

- It doesn't matter if you win or lose.

- I didn't know what to do.

- What did you do with that notebook?

- He speaks faster than she does.

- I do understand.

To Have

Auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah have, has, had. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to havedigunakan bersama main verbs untuk membuat kalimat perfect.

Contoh:

- I have completed my work.

- She has acted in a film. 

- They had forgotten to send the letter. 

- Our guests have arrived.

- Has anyone phoned?

- I hadn’t seen him for fifteen years.

- Someone should have predicted these complications.

Catatan

Be, do, dan have juga berfungsi sebagai main verbs atau principal verbs. Perhatikan contoh berikut dibawah ini.

- She is a good singer. (Principal verb) 

- She is singing. (Auxiliary verb)

Auxiliary verbs juga biasa disebut dengan istilah helping verbs.

Pronunciation♥

Pronunciation is an essential component not only of learning a language but also of using that language. For this reason, the learning of proper pronunciation is a delicate area; students need to feel free to make mistakes and practice their pronunciation in order to increase their accuracy, but there are also times when pronunciation must be quickly corrected so that it does not impede the students' ability to understand and be understood. Below we will look more closely at pronunciation and activities that can help students improve their pronunciation.

Why is pronunciation important to and for learners?

We know from Higgs Graph of Learner Needs that pronunciation is something that is very important to beginner learners as it allows them to feel more comfortable when speaking; teachers must be aware, however, that the more sounds differ between the mother tongue and the second language, the higher the affective filter. A student feeling too self-conscious will not be as willing to take the risks that are necessary when learning a new language.

Pronunciation is an interesting area because when learning in a classroom context, pronunciation isn’t usually a major factor that influences comprehension however, it may be when the learner uses the SL in the community. The value of teaching pronunciation cannot be underestimated. Besides the difficulty of changing a `bad habit´, early pronunciation instruction helps students understand how to form sounds that are not found in their mother tongue, contributes to decoding ability and lowers the affective filter. Some researchers suggest that pronunciation does not need to be taught and will `take care of itself´ over time.  Others suggest that teaching pronunciation is necessary.  What do you think?

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How can pronunciation affect a learner’s comprehension and ability to produce language?

Read the following statements and decide whether you agree or disagree. Adult learners need to focus on pronunciation, but young learners do not. Poor pronunciation may cause problems for other skills. Students should learn received pronunciation (RP). In conveying meaning, stress in pronunciation is sometimes as important as grammar. Inaccurate intonation can lead to significant misunderstandings.

It is very difficult to achieve native like pronunciation in any language. Some language societies have greater tolerance of `accents´ than others; some even find certain accents more appealing. For example, many Canadian documentaries are narrated by people with British accents. In some societies people may appear to not understand someone whose accent does not approximate the native speaker's (e.g. Parisians or Muscovites).  In some countries foreign accents are perfectly acceptable in informal conversations based on helping give directions or sharing simple small talk; however, in the same places the same accent may not be highly tolerated if the person is a paid employee who needs to offer service or advice.

In order to avoid some of the pitfalls associated with poor pronunciation it is important to hear as much of the target language (TL) as possible. This exposure to the TL can be from the teacher, from films or media clips, songs or audio clips, guest speakers and one’s peers. In general, realistic goals surrounding pronunciation are:

• Consistency: the pronunciation should become smooth and natural
• Intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners
• Communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning intended by the speaker

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How can I help my students improve their pronunciation?

Pronunciation is an umbrella term that encompasses the interrelated areas of sounds, phonetic symbols, stress, intonation and rhythm.

Good pronunciation comes from a lot of technical knowledge on the part of the teacher about placement of the mouth, etc. Most teachers in North America, unfortunately, don’t have this knowledge and therefore tend to pass it off as being unimportant but in fact, as you progress in your fluency, pronunciation becomes more and more important. Language learning needs a lot of practice and both mechanical and meaningful practice lead to improved pronunciation. Only through practice will a skill become automatic and drill-like activities are not always considered interesting.  Nevertheless perception practice is a good way to help learners distinguish between certain sounds.

Visit here to discover some strategies for improving student pronunciation.

source:http://www.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.bilash/best%20of%20bilash/pronunciation.html

Direct and Indirect Speech♥

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.
Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English” Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:
Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional
Indirect Speech:Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,
Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct  :                                               Indirect :
Now                                        →        Then
Today                                      →        That day
Tonight                                    →        That night
This week                                →        That week
Yesterday                                →        The day before
The day before yesterday       →        Two days before
Last night                                →        The night before
Last week/year                        →        The previous week/year
A year ago                               →        A year before/The previous year
Three years ago                       →        Three years before
Tomorrow                               →        The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year                       →        The following week/year
On Sunday                              →        On Sunday
Here                                        →        There
This book                                →        The book
This                                         →        That
These                                       →        Those
Over there                               →        Over there
*etc.
PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Can      →        Could
May     →        Might
Might  →        Might
Must    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

I : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.      D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.      D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.      D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

I : He has told you that he is writing

5.      D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.      D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.      D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.      D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.      D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

10.  D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

Tenses♥

A. Simple Present Tenses

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran yang hakiki. Karena sering menyangkut kejadian diwaktu lamapu, sekarang dan akan datang, Tenses ini paling sedikit mempunyai keterangan waktu tertentu.

Kalimat-kalimat bahasa inggris umumnya harus mempunyai subject(s) dan predicate(p). karena itu semua Tenses akan dipormulasi seperti itu.

Rumus:

+) Subject + to be + verb I + Main verb
+) Subject + verbI +(s/es)

Contoh :

* he is handsome
(dia tampan)

* is he handsome?
(apakah dia tampan?)

* he is not handsome
(dia tidak tampan)

B. Present Continuous Tense

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang dilakukan saat ini. Kalimat-kalimat dalam Tenses ini lebih sering dipakai dari pada present Tenses.

Rumus:

subject + to be (is, am, are) + kata kerja + ing

Tense ini dipakai untuk menjelaskan tentang:

• Kejadian yang sedang terjadi sekarang, atau
• Kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan dating

Contoh :

+) She is cooking in the kitchen.
(dia sedang memasak di dapur)

-) She is not cooking in the kitchen
(dia tidak sedang memasak di dapur)

?) is she cooking in the kitchen?
(Apakah dia sedang memasak di dapur?)

C. Present Perfect Tense

Rumus:

subject + have + past participle (Kata Kerja Bentuk ke-3)
Tense ini digunakan untuk:

• Pengalaman
• Perubahan
• Situasi Yang berkelanjutan

Atau untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat (baru selesai)
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimatnya berikut ini:

+) they have met me
(mereka sudah menemui saya)

?) have they met me?
(apakah mereka sudah menemui saya?

-) they have not met me
( mereka belum menemui saya)

D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

subject + have / has + been + K.Kerja + ing
Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk menjelaskan:

• Satu kejadian/kegiatan yang baru saja berlangsung
• Satu perbuatan yang berlangsung hingga sekarang (pada saat bicara masih terjadi)

Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:

+) They have been playing football
(Mereka telah sedang bermain sepakbola)

-) They have not been playing football
(merka telah tidak sedang bermain sepakbola)

?) have they been playing football?
( Apakah merka telah sedang bermain sepakbola?)

E. Simple Past Tense

Rumus Kalimat Positif:

subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 2
Rumus Kalimat Negatif :

subject + did + not + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1
Rumus Kalimat Tanya:

Did + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1
Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they).

Kapan kita memakai Simple Past Tense?

Kita memakai Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang satu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau.
Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:

+) They were student last year
(mereka pelajar tahun lalu)

-) they were not student last year
(mereka bukan pelajar tahun lalu)

?) were they student last year?
(apakah mereka pelajar tahun lalu?)

F. Past Continuous Tense

Rumus:

subject + was, were + Kata Kerja + ing

Kapan kita menggunakan Tense ini?
Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau kejadian pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Contoh:

+)We were joking.
-) We were not joking
?) Were we joking?

G. Past Perfect Tense

Rumus:

had + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke - 3

Kapan kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense?

Tense ini mengekspresikan tindakan di masa lalu sebelum tindakan lain terjadi, namun kejadiannya di masa lampau.

Perhatikan:

+) I had listen the radio when you come here
(aku sudah mendengar radio sebelum kamu datang

H. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

subject + had + been + Kata Kerja + ing
Kapan Kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

Tense ini sama pemakaiannya dengan Past Perfect Tense, namun mengekspresikan tindakan-tindakan yang lebih lama di masa lampau sebelum tindakan lain terjadi.

Perhatikan:

She had been helping me when they went to scool
(dia telah sedang membantu saya ketika mereka telah pergi ke sekolah)

I. Simple Future Tense

Rumus:
subject + WILL/SHALL + Kata Kerja Bentuk I

Kapan kita mengunakan Simple Future Tense?

a. Tidak Ada Rencana Sebelumnya atau Menyatakan perbuatan/kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang

contoh :

• Hold on. I‘ll get a pen.

b. Prediksi

Contoh:

• It will rain tomorrow.

KALIMAT NON-VERBAL

Ketika predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka gunakan be untuk menggantikan kata kerja tersebut.

Contoh:

• I‘ll be in London tomorrow.

J. Future Continuous Tense

Rumus:

subject + WILL + BE + Kata Kerja + ing

Kapan kita menggunakan Future Continuous Tense?

Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan yang akan terjadi di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Contoh:

He will be teaching me at eight tomorrow

(dia akan sedang mengajar saya pada jam delapan besok)

K. Future Perfect Tense

Rumus:

subject + WILL + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3

Kapan Kita Menggunakan Future Perfect Tense?

Tense ini kita pakai untuk menggambarkan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang sebelum kegiatan lain terjadi.

Contoh:

They will be tired when they arrive.
(mereka akan telah lelah ketika mereka datang)

L. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

Subject + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing

Kapan kita memakai Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang suatu tindakan/kegiatan yang panjang sebelum beberapa saat di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:

• He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been traveling for 24 hours.

M. Past Future Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan terjadi diwaktu lampau

Rumus:
subject + WOULD + Kata Kerja Bentuk I

Contoh :

She would not be at school tomorrow.
(Dia tidak akan ke sekolah besok)

N. Past Future Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau.

Rumus:
subject + WOULD + BE + Kata Kerja + ing

Contoh:

We would be having dinner at home yesterday.
(kita akan sedang makan malam di rumah kemarin)

O. Past Future Perfect Tense

untuk menyatakan suatu prbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau

Rumus:
subject + WOULD + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3

Contoh:

she would have be finished to studied if he had not been lazy
(dia akan sudah tamat belajar jika dia tidak malas)

P. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau

Rumus:
Subject + WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing

Contoh:

We would have been waiting long.
(kita akan sudah sedang menunggu lama)